Good Boating and Sportsmanship

SPIRIT OF THE RULE
It is the intention of this event to promote good sportsmanship and fair play. Unsportsmanlike conduct and cheating may result in disqualification. Anglers are asked to follow high standards of sportsmanship and courtesy and conduct themselves in a manner that will be a credit to themselves, to the Mack Days Events, and to the sport of fishing.

“How a man plays the game shows something of his character; how he loses shows it all.”
— Tribune (Camden County, GA)

Keep a safe distance away from other boats, watch for anchor lines, and respect the space each angler needs to fish. Anglers cannot exclude other anglers from their favorite spots. Bottom line: Don't crowd in too close to other anglers who are catching fish.

"I think sportsmanship is about respect. I think it's important to respect your opponent—
they're working as hard as you are -- and play a good, fair game.”
— Chad Kroell, Penn State football player

Trolling vs Jigging
Trolling and jigging boats need to be observant of paths being taken by other boats. Please be aware of and attempt to avoid anchoring in a trolling path. If a boat is anchored, -be courteous and avoid trolling nearby or approaching too closely. When boats are in a trolling pattern watch and take the same pattern or move in the same direction. Don't come in and start trolling across another boats patterns or going across their lines. Use common sense. Ask questions if you don't know how to come in on a pattern.

Some anglers will drift over a hole and troll back over it. Don't move in and set your anchor in that hole or spot. They have a pattern going and will be irritated to find that someone moved in while they were moving back into position.
Give each other space. When you set your anchor make sure you will not drift into or too close to other boats. If you are trolling don't come in too close. Remember the anchor line may be out there a long distance if it is rough water. Have respect for each other. Be helpful and courteous.

“One man practicing good sportsmanship is far better than 50 others preaching it.”
— Knute K. Rockne

No pooling of fish is allowed, meaning all participants must report only the fish they catch themselves. Anglers may receive assistance from others in the boat but need to respect the competitive nature of the contest, by clearly identifying their rods from those of other anglers present in the boat and being the only angler handling those rods. All anglers in the boat that are entered in the contest must have at least one rod and be responsible for the fish caught on that rod.

“Doing what is right, fair and honorable is more important than winning or losing.”
— Chick Moorman

Interpretation of the rules shall be left exclusively to the event officials/committee and all decisions are final. Complaints are to be in writing and presented to the event official before awards are announced.

Pack your garbage off the water and dispose of it properly. Take care of the resources. Treat them like they were your own.

“Remember that sports are meant to be fun. Don’t let someone make the sport unfun for you.”
— A.J. Kitt

“For when the One Great Scorer comes to mark against your name, He writes not that you won or lost – but how you played the game.”
— Grantland Rice

“Champions do not become champions when they win the event, but in the hours, weeks, months and years they spend preparing for it. The victorious performance itself is merely the demonstration of their championship character.”
— T. Alan Armstrong

Good Boating and Sportsmanship

SPIRIT OF THE RULE
It is the intention of this event to promote good sportsmanship and fair play. Unsportsmanlike conduct and cheating may result in disqualification. Anglers are asked to follow high standards of sportsmanship and courtesy and conduct themselves in a manner that will be a credit to themselves, to the Mack Days Events, and to the sport of fishing.

“How a man plays the game shows something of his character; how he loses shows it all.”
— Tribune (Camden County, GA)

Keep a safe distance away from other boats, watch for anchor lines, and respect the space each angler needs to fish. Anglers cannot exclude other anglers from their favorite spots. Bottom line: Don't crowd in too close to other anglers who are catching fish.

"I think sportsmanship is about respect. I think it's important to respect your opponent—
they're working as hard as you are -- and play a good, fair game.”
— Chad Kroell, Penn State football player

Trolling vs Jigging
Trolling and jigging boats need to be observant of paths being taken by other boats. Please be aware of and attempt to avoid anchoring in a trolling path. If a boat is anchored, -be courteous and avoid trolling nearby or approaching too closely. When boats are in a trolling pattern watch and take the same pattern or move in the same direction. Don't come in and start trolling across another boats patterns or going across their lines. Use common sense. Ask questions if you don't know how to come in on a pattern.

Some anglers will drift over a hole and troll back over it. Don't move in and set your anchor in that hole or spot. They have a pattern going and will be irritated to find that someone moved in while they were moving back into position.
Give each other space. When you set your anchor make sure you will not drift into or too close to other boats. If you are trolling don't come in too close. Remember the anchor line may be out there a long distance if it is rough water. Have respect for each other. Be helpful and courteous.

“One man practicing good sportsmanship is far better than 50 others preaching it.”
— Knute K. Rockne

No pooling of fish is allowed, meaning all participants must report only the fish they catch themselves. Anglers may receive assistance from others in the boat but need to respect the competitive nature of the contest, by clearly identifying their rods from those of other anglers present in the boat and being the only angler handling those rods. All anglers in the boat that are entered in the contest must have at least one rod and be responsible for the fish caught on that rod.

“Doing what is right, fair and honorable is more important than winning or losing.”
— Chick Moorman

Interpretation of the rules shall be left exclusively to the event officials/committee and all decisions are final. Complaints are to be in writing and presented to the event official before awards are announced.

Pack your garbage off the water and dispose of it properly. Take care of the resources. Treat them like they were your own.

“Remember that sports are meant to be fun. Don’t let someone make the sport unfun for you.”
— A.J. Kitt

“For when the One Great Scorer comes to mark against your name, He writes not that you won or lost – but how you played the game.”
— Grantland Rice

“Champions do not become champions when they win the event, but in the hours, weeks, months and years they spend preparing for it. The victorious performance itself is merely the demonstration of their championship character.”
— T. Alan Armstrong

Lake Trout Fishing Tips
 
 

Troller and jiggers –Please be considerate of each other. It is a big lake out there.  Watch for trolling patterns, markers, etc. Sit and watch a boat-if they are trolling or if you see a marker-to see if there is a boat that is trolling before you pull in on an area.  Don't sit down in someone's trolling pattern.  Likewise if someone is jigging, don't troll too close. Anchor lines can be out there a long ways.  Don't drag your lines through an area where there are  anglers in boats that are jigging.  You are going to catch lines.  Some anglers like to sit and cast out.  If you pull in beside other boats you could be pulling in where they are casting.   Ask if they are casting, where their anchor lines are, etc.

Seek Advice
Flathead Lake is a large lake. It is a good idea to talk to other anglers-bait shops-in the area to get an idea of where to go and what to use. A bathymetric map of the lake is an important tool to have if you are unfamiliar with the lake depths and areas. Give us a call for information (406-883-2888 ex. 7294).

Basic Regs
Lake trout limits are 100 lake trout per day under 30"--or 99 under 30" and 1 over 36". There is a slot - 30"-36"--these fish are illegal to keep and are to be put back. The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes have a special $12 per year license available for anglers for use on the South half of Flathead Lake. You may purchase the license from vendors who sell Montana Fishing Licenses. Go to the Rules page for more information.

The Nature of Lake Trout
Lake Trout in Flathead Lake have a predatory nature. They are fish and mysis shrimp eaters. The smaller lake trout seen to key in on the mysis while the larger lake trout target the bait fish (northern pike minnow, perch, small whitefish, etc.) and the mysis. Mysis go deep during the day and come up at night-lake trout in Flathead may be very deep-180-220'. If you aren't finding them in the 60-120' range you may want to go deeper. Jigging at depths over 200' can be the norm on some days.  You have to spend the time to find them when they are so deep.  A good depth finder is a very important tool to have on your boat.  These fish have such a huge appetite that they have been hooked with full stomachs, the tail of an unlucky fish sticking out of their mouth, and they will still go after a lure. Every day is different on the lake. Some days you can catch them with your "special" lure and the next day-nothing. You have to be aggressive and use different techniques all of the time.  It is you against the fish! Don't wait for them to come to you-sometimes that works but you will be more successful if you go after them. Take a more active approach. Change what you are doing. For instance-years ago anglers used trolling rods with thick wire line and lots of weight-today some say thick wire line causes friction in with the water and makes it harder to get deep and the heavy thick rods are not sensitive enough for the light bite of the smaller fish. It might be worth the investment of a lighter pole and some of the newer line that is available. A good fish finder is essential when you are after lake trout. It helps to know depths, structure, etc. Some fish finders will even be sensitive enough to show the jig when it is down near the bottom.  Lake trout can be caught using spinning gear, flies, flat fish, spoons, jigs, and cut bait. To catch lake trout you have to get your lure down where the active fish are. Tipping your jig or hook with a piece of cut bait (northern pike minnow, sucker, or perch (you cannot use salmonids for bait on Flathead Lake) can sometimes give you an advantage. Some anglers believe using cut bait that is native to the body of water works to your advantage. You may need to use a swivel to keep the line from twisting. Pay attention to the little things.  It's the little things that will make you successful. You need to know what your lure is doing all of the time. Put your lure in the water and watch it as you move the line. Talk to a local bait dealer to find out the different methods to attach the cut bait to a lure. Using scent oils on the cut bait can also be helpful. Change your bait often. Keep bait on that is not water logged. Some success is also seen by anglers using pork link sausage as bait. This works well when fishing from shore and is also being used when jigging for fish. You have to work with it using rubber bands to keep it attached to the hook. It seems the most success is early in the day and late in the afternoon and evening. The lake trout seem to have favorite areas in the lake during the different seasons-water temperature has an effect on them.  Your fishing tactics or strategies have to change with the seasons. You may save some time finding them by talking to locals, fishing a guided trip, or talking to tackle shop personal. Local shops would be Zimmer's Tackle in Pablo, Mt.-406-675-0068, Ronan Sports & Western-Ronan, Mt.-406-676-3701, Snappy's Sports-Kalispell, Mt.-406-257-7525, Bob Wards & Sons Sporting Goods-Missoula, Mt.-406-728-3221, Brady's Sportman's Surplus-Missoula, Mt.-406-721-3992, Wholesale Sports-Missoula, Mt.-406-523-9000, or telephone us at 406-883-2888 ex. 7294.

Spawning
Lake trout are fall spawners. Temperature, light, and wind are factors which contribute to the onset and duration of spawning activities. Lake trout spawn on offshore shoals, drop-offs, ledges, or steep slopes, and points near islands or the shoreline. During this time they will be concentrated in the areas described and will be easier to find. Most anglers fish using the jigging method during this season.

Jigging
Anglers can be successful vertical jigging-putting your lure on the bottom and jigging up- for lake trout or casting towards shore and jigging as you reel back towards the boat. Most anglers say more they have more success by staying right over the top of the lake trout. That may require using two anchors-one in front and one in back.  Use low-stretch line.  The new synthetic lines are great. Jigging action does not have to be high and hard jerks-try different jigging actions if they aren't hitting.  The lake trout sometimes are slow and lazy.  They don't want to move far to feed. Lighter small jigging movements may be more successful. Use a 6 or 8# test line-some 20# test is the same size now as the 6 or 8# . Most anglers feel confident with it but if you don't go to the heavier line. You will have less resistance in the water with the lighter line and the action of your lures or jigs will be better. Try different speeds-slow and shorter, softer, up and down motions-if that doesn't work go to a faster, harder motion. Some days out there you have to try everything to find what is going to work. Be versatile. Jigging areas with reasonably sheltered spots on Flathead Lake are off Woods Bay, Yellow Bay, Blue Bay, and West shore State Park. Other areas are the river delta area, Conrad Point, Painted Rocks, Cedar Island, Rocky Point, Wildhorse Island, the Narrows, Finley Point, and Gravel Bay. If the fish are still not hitting on your jig try different colors and different depths. Try the glow colors in the deeper water-color is important. Jig up off the bottom a couple of reel turns. If that doesn't work try going to the bottom and jigging up off of it. Match your jig with the depth-use heavier jigs (some go to the 2 oz. jigs) the deeper you go. Lift your jig higher so fish can see it from a distance. Some say fish look up so jig right above them.  Use smelly jelly or cut bait on the lure or jig. The depth finder can tell you the exact depth the fish are at, give you an idea of how many there may be, and whether they are near structure on the bottom or suspended in the water column. Lake trout will lay low and hold tight to the bottom so watch carefully to find them. If you are not catching fish you can see on the fish finder-especially a large school, they may not be lake trout. Areas that are steep, rocky, drop off, or have bait fish in the area are good spots to begin your search for them. Lake trout use steep drop off areas to corral and catch bait fish.  Once you find the depth they are holding to you can target it and anchor over the fish for jigging or troll around the areas where you have spotted the bait fish.

Trolling
Trolling for lake trout is a good technique to use and can work well for any angler regardless of experience or age. The lake trout typically look for a constant water temperature between 40 and 52 degrees F. When trolling you need to get your lure to the depth that the lake trout are in.  Troll slowly (.8-1.8 mph). Use a heavy ball 8 or 10#. Don't troll in a straight line.  Follow the contours you see on the bottom.  Try to stay on the edge of a drop off, ridge, etc. Keep your hooks sharp.  Sharpen them every time you snag something. Good spots for trolling are the Narrows, Conrad Point to Painted Rocks, Wildhorse Island-Cromwell Island, Yellow Bay Point North or anywhere the shorelines are steep. You might try to find the depth where fish are and keep to the same depth while trolling. Trolling can be done using flat lines or downriggers. Remember that lake trout are not always hard hitters. Check your line every so often to see if you might have a fish on. The larger lake trout sometimes will not hit very hard and will surprise an angler before they know it. Some anglers say that the larger lakers will not spend a lot of energy going after bait so troll slowly. If you don't have success then speed up a little. During the warmer weather most of them may move out to the deeper areas of the lake but there will still be a few in the shallower areas feeding. You don't have to have expensive trolling equipment to troll. There is a different type of method being used in other areas. It may work here. Try using this light tackle technique. Use 6# test line-a light action rod, three- way swivel, and a 3 oz. weight. Tie two 4 foot pieces of line to your three-way swivel. Use a 3 oz. weight on one line and a light lure on the other. Drop your line to the bottom and reel up a couple of cranks or go down to the 40-60 feet level and start trolling. The lighter line is less resistant and is supposedly easier to get deeper. You may have to experiment to find out what works for you but once you spend the time doing that you will become a consistently successful lake trout angler. Use some smelly jelly or some other type of scent on the lure. 

Know their Habits
Knowing the habits of the fish will help you as an angler. The temperature of the water may be a key. The depth of water they are comfortable at may be where you find them all day. They seem to bite aggressively in the early morning and late afternoon-evening. Lake trout will concentrate in areas where there are bait fish or mysis shrimp-you may find a few of them in shallow areas even during the warmer weather especially during the time when the perch are in the bays. (Late June-July) Watch for surface activity where baitfish may be. Fish around the weed beds where the perch or other bait fish will be. Find steep banks, ledges, or drop offs, or areas with a contour to it and troll close to them. Fish will concentrate in these areas because of the protection it gives them. They can go deep to escape sunlight, to feed on the bait fish, or they will use these areas in the fall for spawning. They seem to hit hardest in the early mornings between daylight and 10:00 or 11:00 a.m. That doesn't mean they won't hit at other times of the day but just that the early morning bite is a little more productive. 

The Layers of the Lake
Lakes stratify into three distinct layers during the warm weather. They will remain that way until fall. The middle layer of water, where there is a large concentration of dissolved oxygen, is call the thermocline and can generally be found from 10-80 feet down. This is not only an oxygen rich layer but is also a temperature layer as well and fish relate to it because of comfort and the fact that their bodies function better in this layer. This layer is where you can find bait fish and the predator fish looking for the bait fish. Lake trout like temperatures around 50 degrees and are most active in temperatures of 43-53 degrees. Some say that fish will rarely go out of this level except to feed and then will return to that depth or level. Thermoclines will change from day to day depending on the wind and wave actions. Anglers who are trolling may try finding the thermocline and fishing in the depths of it.

The Right Colors
Most fish can see in color and you need to remember that when fishing Flathead Lake especially in the deeper areas. When light travels through water the water absorbs the energy of the wavelengths of the color. Warmer colors fade out and will appear black as light penetrates the water column. Red is almost completely absorbed within the first 15-20 feet. Orange penetrates to 30-40 feet, and yellow and chartreuse to 60-70 feet, and green and blue will be visible for as deep as the light penetrates. White will turn gray at about 60 feet and black is always black. Cloudy days or murky water effects how far the color wavelengths penetrate the water. They fade in this order-red, orange, yellow, green, and blue. Fish in the deeper water will see blacks, grays, blues, and greens and shallow water fish will see all colors. White, silver, or glow colors, flies or lures with sparkly tails or colors will work well in the deeper water. Fish also smell so use some scent oil and cut bait on your lure for some additional insurance. 

Protect the Lake's Native Species
It is illegal to target or harvest bull trout in Flathead Lake. Westslope cutthroat trout are catch and release in the lake. It is the anglers responsibility to know how to identify these fish. Review the Bull Trout ID page, or if you have tips or information you feel will be helpful to other anglers telephone us at 406-883-2888 ext. 7294 or 406-752-5501. Bull trout will have a squared off tail-younger bulls trout may have a V in their tail-be very careful, no black spots on the dorsal (top fin on the back), and will have colored spots on the back and sides. These spots can be pale red, orange, pink, or can even be yellowish. They have a white leading edge on their fins. The smaller bull trout are very hard to identify. Please look carefully are each fish you decide to harvest. If you don't know-let it go.

Most Important: Be Safe
We encourage all anglers to be safe. Check local weather conditions before going out on the lake. Be weather wise, and tell someone your plans, let them know where you are going and when you plan to return. Be aware of clouds and wind direction. If you see a storm approaching give yourself plenty of time to reach your launch area or a safe place. During high wind-wave activity you may want to wait out the storm on the back side of an island, in a bay, or on shore. Check your fuel supply before leaving, and carry extra fuel. Make sure your boat is in good working condition and that you have proper safety gear on board. Safety gear could include the following: life jackets for every person on board-wear your life jackets, throwable device (life ring or floating cushion), adequate clothing, first aid kit, high calorie snacks, drinking water, visual signaling device (flares, flag, flash light), cell phone (place in a zip lock bag), tools and spare parts for boat motor, extra rope, sun screen, oars, fire extinguisher, whistle or horn, paddles, and bailing bucket. Practice the three C's- caution, courtesy, and common sense. Remember that alcohol impairs your ability to make good decisions. It is unlawful to operate or be in actual physical control of a boat while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Safe boating begins with you-please be careful.

Lake Fishing Guide
In this fishing guide, we provide general tips for catching lake trout, yellow perch, and lake whitefish in Flathead Lake using a variety of lures and techniques. Also included are recipes for preparing delicious meals using your catch.

Click on the link below to download the pdf for this great guide:

Flathead Lake Fishing Guide

Opossum (or Mysis shrimp) and Flathead Lake
Mysis diluviana—opossum shrimp—were introduced upstream of Flathead Lake in Ashley, Swan, and Whitefish Lakes to benefit the kokanee fishery in 1968. Until then native bull trout and westslope cutthroat were the dominant sport fish species in Flathead Lake. There were lake trout in the lake at that time (they were introduced in 1905) but their numbers had stayed down. The non-native mysis began to drift down and enter the food web of Flathead Lake in 1981. Today if you open the stomach of a lake trout or lake whitefish and see little black dots, those are the eyes of the mysis shrimp. Each mysis has two eyes. Most fish stomachs will have hundreds of eyes at a time in their stomach. Sometimes you can see the transparent looking bodies of the shrimp in the stomach of the lake trout. They are very small, about the size of the tip of your little finger.

Since the lake trout have keyed in on these shrimp as a food source, their flesh has changed from white to an orange color. The flesh of lake trout is also not as fatty as it was when they fed principally on kokanee salmon.

Young lake trout in Flathead Lake, which live in the deeper waters of the lake, now have a great food supply with these shrimp because the mysis go to the bottom of the lake where the younger lake trout dwell during the day. They come up in the water column at night to feed. With the introduction of this new food, the juvenile lake trout population exploded. By 1989 the popular kokanee fishery had completely disappeared from the lake, and predation by the increased population of lake trout began to take a huge toll on native fish numbers. Native fish—bull trout and westslope cutthroat trout—started to decline dramatically. Today their populations are a fraction of what they were historically, and it only took ten years for the decline to happen. By 1998 bull trout numbers were so low that they were listed as a Threatened Species under the federal Endangered Species Act. They were once found in about 60 percent of the Columbia River Basin but today occur in less than half of their historic range, with scattered populations in portions of Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Idaho, and Montana. Meanwhile westslope cutthroat trout have been listed as a Species of Special Concern.

Native bull trout and westslope cutthroat trout are part of our fishing heritage in Montana. With their populations so dangerously low, it should be a priority for all of us to protect, enhance, and increase the populations of these native fish.
Mysis diluviana: Some Basic Facts
Mysis diluviana is a mysid crustacean (opossum shrimp) that inhabits freshwater lakes of northern North America.

Appearance
Mysis is a small, transparent shrimp-like crustacean, of less than 25 millimeters (1 in) length. It has two pairs of relatively long antennae, associated with rounded antennal plates; large, stalked compound eyes; the thorax covered by a coat-like carapace; a muscular, cylindrical abdomen; and a tail fan featuring a telson with a V-shaped terminal cleft.

Reproducing females bear a prominent brood pouch (marsupium) between their thoracal legs. The pleopods (abdominal legs) of Mysis are reduced, except for a specialized pair of mating legs in males.
The natural distribution of Mysis diluviana comprises the Great Lakes of North America, and many other coldwater lakes across Canada and in northern parts of the United States, including Wisconsin (e.g. Green Lake, Trout Lake, and Geneva Lake) and northern New York State (e.g. Finger Lakes, Lake Champlain). As it inhabits the areas covered by ice sheets during the last glacial period, the species has been called a glacial relict.

Mysis diluviana has also been transferred to lakes outside its native range, to provide a new fish-food object, e.g. to Lake Tahoe (Nevada, California) and Kootenay Lake (British Columbia).
Mysis diluviana were known as Mysis relicta until recent years.

Nonindigenous Occurrences
The first nonindigenous introduction was proposed by Clements et al. (1939) for the lakes of the Okanagan basin, British Columbia, to enhance the forage base for the previously introduced lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). In 1949 Kootenay Lake, British Columbia, was the first lake to be stocked with M. diluviana (Sparrow 1964). Subsequent stockings were performed in 5 Montana lakes upstream of Flathead Lake (Bosworth 2011), and in many other lakes of the western U.S. and Canada.

Ecology
M. diluviana stays at the bottom of the water column during the day and migrates toward the surface during the night to feed. This behavior means that they can have a direct impact on all other organisms living in the water body.

Means of Introduction
Stocked to provide additional forage for sport fish (Clements 1939, Bosworth 2011).

Status
Established

Impact of Introduction
Mysis diluviana is an opportunistic feeder with both predatory and filter feeding habits. When zooplankton is abundant they serve as the primary food source; when scarce M. diluviana will feed on suspended organic detritus or from the surface of benthic organic deposits (Pennak 1989). Within its native range it has been shown to be an important prey item for freshwater fishes (Nesler and Bergersen 1991). However, when introduced into what was considered to be an "empty" niche, its impact on the aquatic community was significant. Dramatic changes and species extinctions of native zooplankton communities have been attributed to this opportunistic lifestyle. This change in the primary consumer composition has lead to drastic ecosystem changes in Flathead Lake, Montana. These smaller shrimp replaced larger native species but were unable to keep up with the growth of algae in the lake. The benthic tendencies of this species provided a massive new food source for bottom dwelling lake trout, allowing the trout to increase their population and overtake kokanee as the top predator in Flathead Lake (Bosworth 2011). Declines in the number and size of game fish have been documented since the introduction of M. diluviana , provoking doubt regarding their utility as a forage base for game fishes.

Remarks
Found in deep, cold oligotrophic lakes; has been reported from brackish and estuarine waters.  Can live for 2 years; breed in the winter; adults carry young in a brood pouch until fully developed in the spring; sexually mature at 12-14 mm.

In 1981 a resolution calling for a moratorium on introductions of M. diluviana was drafted by participants of a Mysid symposium held during a conference of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

References: Bosworth, B. 2011. How non-native shrimp transformed the ecosystem at Montana's Flathead Lake. New West Travel and Outdoors. http://www.newwest.net/topic/article/how_non_native_shrimp_transformed_the_ecosystem_at_montanas_flathead_lake/C41/L41/
Clements, W.A., D.S. Rawson, and J.L. McHugh. 1939. A biological survey of Okanagan Lake, British Columbia. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin 56.
Nesler, T.P. and E.P. Bergersen. 1991. Mysids and their impacts on fisheries: an introduction to the 1988 Mysid-Fisheries symposium. Pages 1-4 In: T.P. Nesler and E.P. Bergersen, editors. Mysids in fisheries: hard lessons from headlong introductions. American Fisheries Society Symposium 9, Bethesda, Maryland.
Pennak, R.W. 1989. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States, protozoa to mollusca. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 3rd ed.
Sparrow, R.A.H., P.A. Larkin, and R.A. Rutherglen. 1964. Succes